Physical Implications of Chronic Stress on the Body

Chronic stress triggers a persistent "fight-or-flight" response, leading to widespread effects across multiple body systems. Here are the major physical implications:

Musculoskeletal System

• Chronic stress causes muscles to remain tense for long periods, which can lead to headaches, back and shoulder pain, and general body aches. Persistent muscle tension may also contribute to stress-related disorders

Cardiovascular System

• Ongoing stress keeps blood pressure and heart rate elevated, increasing the risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke. Chronic stress also promotes the formation of artery-clogging deposits (atherosclerosis)

Digestive System

• Stress can worsen symptoms like pain, bloating, nausea, heartburn, and changes in bowel habits (diarrhoea or constipation). It may also increase the risk for gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, and ulcers

Central Nervous System and Brain

• Chronic stress is linked to structural changes in the brain, including atrophy in certain regions and reduced grey matter, which can impair cognitive function and increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety.

• It can also lead to persistent irritability, anxiety, depression, and insomnia

Immune System

• Chronic stress suppresses immune function, making the body more susceptible to infections and slowing recovery from illness

Endocrine System

• Prolonged stress disrupts hormone balance, including increased cortisol, which can contribute to weight gain, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome

Reproductive and Sexual Health

• In men, chronic stress can lower testosterone levels, interfere with sperm production, and cause erectile dysfunction or impotence. In women, it can disrupt menstrual cycles and worsen menopausal symptoms

Other Effects

• Chronic stress can contribute to skin problems (acne, eczema, psoriasis), hair loss, and exacerbate existing health conditions.

• It may also promote unhealthy behaviours such as overeating, substance abuse, and social withdrawal, further impacting physical health